The Miranda Warning

The Miranda Warning Since the milestone Supreme Court governing in Miranda v. Arizona in 1966, it has become the act of police specialists to tell speculates their options orâ give them the Miranda cautioning before addressing them while in guardianship. Commonly, police give the Miranda cautioning suspects they reserve the privilege to stay quiet when they are put collared, to ensure the notice isn't neglected later by criminologists or examiners. The Standard Miranda Warning: You reserve the option to stay quiet. Anything you state can and will be utilized against you in an official courtroom. You have the privilege toâ speak to a lawyer, and to have a lawyer present during any scrutinizing. In the event that you can't manage the cost of a legal counselor, one will be given to you at government cost. Here and there suspects are given an increasingly point by point Miranda notice, intended to cover all possibilities that a suspect may experience while in police authority. Suspects might be approached to sign an announcement recognizing they comprehend the accompanying: Point by point Miranda Warning: You reserve the option to stay quiet and decline to respond to questions. Do you get it? Anything you do say might be utilized against you in an official courtroom. Do you get it? You reserve the option to counsel a lawyer before addressing the police and to have a lawyer present during addressing now or later on. Do you get it? On the off chance that you can't bear the cost of a lawyer, one will be delegated for you before any scrutinizing on the off chance that you wish. Do you get it? In the event that you choose to respond to questions now without a lawyer present, you will at present reserve the privilege to quit replying whenever until you converse with a lawyer. Do you get it? Knowing and understanding your privileges as I have disclosed them to you, will be you ready to respond to my inquiries without a lawyer present? What everything Means - FAQ About the Miranda Warning: When should the police read you your Miranda rights? You can be cuffed, looked and captured without being Mirandized. The main time the police are required to tell you your options is the point at which they choose to cross examine you. The law is intended to shield individuals from self-implication under cross examination. It isn't intended to set up that you will be locked up. It additionally implies that any explanation that you make including an admission, before being Mirandized, can be utilized against you in court, if the police can demonstrate that they were not planning on investigating you at the time that you offered the expressions. Model: Casey Anthony Murder Case Casey Anthony was accused of first-degree murder of her little girl. During her preliminary, her lawyer attempted to get articulations that she made to relatives, companions, and the police, stifled in light of the fact that she had not been perused her Miranda rights under the watchful eye of making the statements. The judge denied the movement to smother the proof, expressing that at the hour of the announcements, Anthony was not a suspect.â You reserve the option to stay quiet. Fully trust this sentence. It implies that you can stay quiet when police question you. It is your right, and on the off chance that you ask any great lawyer, they will suggest that you use it-and stay quiet. Be that as it may, you are required to state truly, your name, address, and whatever other data is required by state law. Anything you do say might be utilized against you in a courtroom. This returns to the principal line of the Miranda notice and why you need to utilize it. This line clarifies that in the event that you do begin talking, anything you state will (not can) likely be utilized against you when the time has come to go to court. You reserve the option to a lawyer. On the off chance that you are being addressed by the police, or even before addressing, you reserve the privilege to demand a lawyer be available before you offer any expressions. Yet, you should obviously say the words, that you need a lawyer and that you will stay quiet until you get one. Saying, I think I need a lawyer, or I heard I ought to get a lawyer, isn't clearing characterizing your position. When you express that you need a lawyer present, every single addressing ha to stop until your lawyer arrives. Also, when you obviously express that you need a lawyer, quit talking. Try not to talk about the circumstance, or even take an interest out of gear babble, else, it could be deciphered as you have energetically disavowed (dropped) your solicitation to have a lawyer present. It resembles getting into the notorious tricky situation. In the event that you can't manage the cost of a lawyer, one will be accommodated you. In the event that you can't manage the cost of a lawyer, a lawyer will be named to you. In the event that you have mentioned a lawyer, it is likewise imperative to show restraint. It might require some investment to get a lawyer for you, however one will come. Imagine a scenario in which you wave your entitlement to have a lawyer present. It is your entitlement to wave the option to have a lawyer present during police addressing. It is likewise your entitlement to adjust your perspective. All that is required is that anytime, previously, during or after a cross examination, that you state unmistakably that you need a lawyer and won't answer inquiries until one is available. At whatever point that you state it, doubting should stop until your lawyer shows up. However,â anything that you said before the solicitation can be utilized against you in court. Special cases to the Miranda Rule There are three circumstances when there might be special cases to the decision: At the point when the police request that you give data, for example, your name, address, age, date of birth, and business, you are required to respond to those kinds of inquiries honestly.When it is viewed as a matter of open security or when people in general could confront up and coming risk, a suspect may at present be addressed by police, in any event, when they have conjured their entitlement to remain silent. If a speculate converses with a prison nark, their announcements can be utilized against them in an official courtroom, regardless of whether they have not yet been Mirandized. See Also: History of Miranda Rights

Code of Ethics Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Code of Ethics Paper - Essay Example business, if just to work as hazard the board systems; included here is the planning of similarity codes and strategy, or all the more prevalently known as set of principles or morals (Baker 2006: p. 46). In any case whether they are alluded to as sets of accepted rules, codes of morals or some other terms, the network these days anticipates that expert and business associations should have codes that decide the controlling measures and standards of appropriate conduct requested of their constituents. It is constantly increasingly common for singular business endeavors to likewise recognize the benefits of having these specific codes, points of interest that are useful not only to the organizations themselves however just as to the staff of those associations, and to their investors. The advancement of a code of morals inside a business association is section of a basic correspondence instrument. It encourages the board to put accentuation to the workers of the organization the standards of conduct which they ought to maintain. It gives guideline and bearing to workers who are confronted with troublesome choices making issues while doing their undertakings; in this manner it adds to the production of an appropriate good condition inside the association. Thusly, it can work as an instrument for the digestion of new representatives into the standards of the organization. General Electric, one of the best organizations on the planet, has given one lot of approaches to place into impact its Code of Conduct and to help out of trustworthiness to GE work force everywhere throughout the world. The essential obligations all things considered and administrators, results and punishments for encroachments and how to manage a respectability issue are talked about in their booklet. By the by, coming up next are the standards implanted in GE’s set of accepted rules (General Electric 2004: p. 3): These strategies ought to be obeyed by GE chiefs, official, workers, auxiliaries and other controlled offshoots, non-controlled

I Could Never Do That!

I Could Never Do That! We lie to ourselves to justify our actions. The most offensive lie I told myself was that I could never do somethingâ€"That sounds great, but I could never do it!â€"thus making it impossible in my mind. Similarly, many people lie to themselves to justify their decision to not embark on their own minimalist journey: I could never be a minimalist because [fill in the blank]. But even after I became a minimalist, I told myself this lie. I said I could never stop buying stuff. Then, for a year, I stopped buying material goods. I could never quit my corporate job. Then, over time, I left that job after twelve years. I could never get rid of most of my clothes. Then, over time, I donated 90% of my clothes to Goodwill. I could never give up my daily routine. Then, over time, I replaced my routine with habits I love. I could never get rid of the home Internet or television or unused furniture. But then, over time, I did: I got rid of all these thingsâ€"and much more. Getting rid of the excess in my life has allowed me to focus on whats important: people, experiences, this moment. The truth is there are very few things I could never do. The same goes for you: minimalism is a continuum. My version is different from Ryans, whichll be different from yours. And thats okayâ€"minimalism isnt meant to be one-size-fits-all. So when you tell yourself I could never be a minimalist because [fill in the blank], what is your blank, and how could you erase it? Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

The Boston Massacre Event - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 379 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/08/16 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Boston Massacre Essay Did you like this example? The Boston Massacre  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Boston Massacre took place in 1770 outside the Boston Customs House. More than one hundred Bostonians confronted a band of nine British soldiers near a sentry box outside the Boston Customs House (Gale, 1999). Tensions between the Bostonians and the British soldiers rose, and the British ended up fatally wounding five civilians. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Boston Massacre  Event" essay for you Create order The five civilians were, Crispus Attucks, a former slave turned sailor; James Caldwell, another sailor; Patrick Carr, an immigrant Irishman who made leather trousers; Samuel Gray, a rope maker; and Samuel Maverick, the brother-in-law of mob leader Ebenezer Mackintosh (Gale, 1999). Additionally six other innocent bostonians were wounded. The Boston Massacre was a very important event because it had a major impact on the relations between the American and British colonists.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The seven years war left the British in financial distress which lead to taxing the colonies. The acts caused a fierce debate over whether the British Parliament had the right to tax American colonies only for raising revenue. Colonists protested that the British cannot tax as they didnt have representation in the government. The Stamp Act taxed stamps, cards, legal documents, and newspapers. Many protests took place in opposition to the stamp act. Another Act was the Townshend Act where the British put a tax on colonial imports and stationed troops at major colonial ports. To enforce the Acts, the British sent naval and military forces to Boston, which lead to the Boston Massacre. Later in 1765, delegates from American colonies came together in New York City and made petitions to British Parliament to repeal the Acts. It provided the British a taste of what would happen soon (Khan Academy).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a result of the Boston Massacre, the colonial leaders used the deaths as propaganda.   A few weeks after the massacre, Paul Revere created an engraving known as the Bloody Massacre. Online Soures https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/road-to-revolution/the-american-revolution/a/uproar-over-the-stamp-act https://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/boston-massacre Credible Sources (Other) https://go.galegroup.com.eznvcc.vccs.edu:2048/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=ReferenceresultListType=RESULT_LISTsearchResultsType=MultiTabsearchType=BasicSearchForm? ¤tPosition=1docId=GALE%7CEJ1667500078docType=Topic+overviewsort=RelevancecontentSegment=prodId=UHICcontentSet=GALE%7CEJ1667500078searchId=R1userGroupName=viva2_nvccinPS=true

The Colonization Of China And Portugal - 1495 Words

In many ways, nations can be defined by their trade relationships. Before the Age of Exploration, European nations remained isolated, with most of their trade coming from neighboring countries. Similarities between nations in close proximity to one another limited the amount of influence each culture had on the other, as their proximity allowed the cultures to blend regardless of trade relations. However, as the Age of Exploration unfolded, western nations rapidly came into contact with eastern nations. The massive differences in culture between East and West opened the door to new, dramatic influences on eastern nations. The colonization of China and Portugal provides one example of this form of influence. Although trade routes to China†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, regulatory issues directly impacting the Portuguese overrode the governing powers of the Mandereen allowing the Portuguese to influence large scale decisions in the region. The Portuguese also significantly influenced the structure of Macanese government. For instance, in Macau, two tiers of government were established by the Portuguese, the Senado and the General Council. The Senado, comprised of three councillors, two judges, and one procurator, were elected to the General Council to resolve delicate local matters. Due to the organization of the Senado, many consider Macau to be, â€Å"the first democratic republic of the Orient.† Through a unique form of covert government influence, the Portuguese altered the course of Macau’s political and social landscape. Another significant way that the Portuguese were able to influence the residents of China is through language and literature. With the mingling of Portuguese and Chinese cultures, pure Chinese languages spoken in cities like Macao evolved into hybrid dialects. In Macao, there are three forms of hybrid languages. One form that is spoken by the lower classes, another form that approximates to aShow MoreRelatedThe Atlantic And East Asian Colonization1074 Words   |  5 Pagesanimals in our country do you realize that they are mostly not native to our country. If they re not native, where do they come from. The answer is the European colonization. We all know about Christopher Columbus and the Columbian exchange, the most infamous exploration of the world. But, we must dig deeper. It all first began in Portugal who wanted a quicker way to access East Asia by going around Africa, but who would know that this would change the world entirely forever. Bringing animals, a newRead MoreThe Spr ead of European Imperialism Essay1162 Words   |  5 Pagesmain component, used the Mediterranean to cross to Africa and did business in North African ports. Portugal, realizing the possibilities of Africa as a whole, began to advance its seafaring abilities. During the fifteenth century, Portugal invented the caravel; a ship which was more maneuverable and was able to sail the west coast of Africa. (McKay et al., 2009) This invention proved momentous. Portugal began to use ports in Southern Africa, created trade with African Muslims for gold, and eventuallyRead MoreWhy Did The Muslim World?1162 Words   |  5 PagesBeginning in the 15th Century, nations such as Spain, Portugal, Germany, Britain, and the Netherlands started exploring for new lands and colonizing them. Driven for power, trade, or expansion, many European powers colonized the New World. Yet when looking at the Muslim contemporaries, the Ottoman, Persian and Mughal Empires did not set sail for new land like their We stern counterparts. Why did the Muslim world not partake in exploration and colonization of the New World, despite having equivalent wealthRead MoreChristopher Columbus : An Italian Explorer And Navigator757 Words   |  4 PagesHope. 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It is a set of unequal relationships between the colonial power and the colony and often between the colonists and the indigenous population. Colonization is the act of setting up a colony away from one s place of origin. Colonists settled British North America for different reasons. Some came for profits; others came for religious freedom. For those colonies established for profit, the BritishRead MoreThe Discovery Of The New World1178 Words   |  5 Pageslater went to sea at the age of fourteen. He was at sea until a tragic event happened in 1470. His journey ended when French pioneers attacked his ship as it was sailing along the coast in Portugal. His boat went down, but he swam to shore and found his way to Lisbon, which is the capital and largest city in Portugal. While there, he studied mathematics, astronomy, cartography, and navigation. Lisbon is also known as being the placed that Christopher Columbus began to sculpt his plan on finding â€Å"TheRead MoreObjectives Of European Colonization1189 Words   |  5 PagesWhat were the objectives in European colonization? The start of the European colonization of the Americas is typically dated to 1492. Some of their objectives included early conquests, claims, and colonies, early state-sponsored colonists, economic immigrants, religious immigration. Most American school children learn to recite this little phrase: In 1492, Columbus sailed the ocean blue. Columbus, in fact, was just one of many explorers sponsored by European monarchs in the 1400s who were allRead More3 European Explorers839 Words   |  4 Pagesborn on September 15th 1254 and he died at the age of 70 on the 8th January 1324. He was the son of a merchant who traded a lot in Asia. Marco polo lived in Venice, which was on of the richest city-states on earth at the time. He had also lived in china for 17 years. (About.com) After macro and his dad returned to Europe after being a sail for 24 years they had brought with them; ivory, jade, jewels, porcelain, silk and other goods from Asia (History Essentials 2, 106). This made an impact on the

Founder/Ceo Free Essays

Wangoh Dynamics Technologies Network and Telecommunication Services and Solutions Memo To: The Government of Sierra Leone (West Africa) From: Saa E. Fillie-Founder/CEO and Network Engineer Date: March 20. 2013 Ref: The Cost Benefit of Virtualization Technology Many enterprising companies are looking for ways to better IT departments, improve business models and create lower operating costs. We will write a custom essay sample on Founder/Ceo or any similar topic only for you Order Now Until a few years ago, it seemed as if an all-encompassing solution to those problems has been taken care of by virtualization that is now a reliable, efficient and customizable solution to those business requests and more. Whether used to provide better customer service, to be more eco-friendly or to gain more company memory, the virtualization technology of today offer many benefits to enterprising companies all over the world, creating innovative solutions to work based problems on a daily basis. Virtualization has not only captured the business world by storm with its innovative and creative solutions but it also offers proven advantages in several areas of industry, IT and service. Below is a list of a few of the advantages and solutions that virtualization technology can offer the enterprise around the globe. Virtual Desktops Many corporations and enterprises are looking to reduce their footprint and create more efficient operating systems. This can be done with one aspect of virtualization, virtual desktops. Virtual desktops have the ability to create more space within a desktop computer or on actual desk space through the use of software which expands a desktops environment beyond physical limits through virtualization. This can create a more eco-friendly environment with less computers using energy and lower operating costs as well as offering continuous transitions between multiple operating system. Enhanced System Security A fear of many enterprises considering virtualization in their business is that all the advantages of this technology will compromise the security of sensitive, private and legal company information. However, that is not the case; in fact virtualization in business provides enhanced security, making it more difficult for hackers to find key information. Unlike other security systems, virtualization has the ability to single out and trace requests. If a request seems fishy or unsuitable, virtualization security technologies will reroute hackers to another location, securing and keeping enterprising business information safe from harm. Better System Reliability Non-virtualized networks and systems are more prone to crashes and memory corruption due to software installments such as device drivers. Through virtualization, I/O resources can be isolated providing better security (see above,) reliability and even availability across devices for business purposes. Disaster Recovery Along the same lines as better system reliability, virtualization also provides enterprising businesses with better, faster and more secure disaster recovery. This is possible because this technology is able to take a virtual image or information and transfer it to another server in the instance that the original server may be crashing. This prevents information loss and provides a constant stream of secure and safe information. Space and Server Consolidation When an organization has a physical database, it can take up to ten machines to provide the same amount of workload to one virtual machine. This means that up to ten applications can be ran on a solitary virtual machine, consolidating physical space as well as server use, therefore saving energy usage, operating costs and server expenses. Scalability One advantage of virtualization technology is its unique ability to be scalable. What this means is that unlike purchasing X amount of computer memory or RAM for a company, the possibilities with virtualization are endless. The workload and space needed one month may change in the next and virtualization accommodates those changes by fluxuating to fit the needs of an enterprise at the time of use. This also saves on energy consumption and operating costs because virtualization service providers oft will only charge for what was used. Endless Memory and Accessibilities One aspect of scalability is virtualization’s advantage of seemingly endless memory. Enterprising businesses can take advantage of limitless memory to house business information, client details, invoices and financial records all in an accessible, crash protected and secure place. Virtualization is accessible anywhere there is an internet connection, allow for access to important company information anywhere in the world. This is great for traveling business owners, work from home employees or access away from work. This also allows companies to offer better customer service to clients because of the ease of access as well as the quick pull up of saved information stored in a limitless memory location. Many enterprising companies are looking for ways to better IT departments, improve business models and create lower operating costs, all of which can be accomplished with the modern marvel technology that is virtualization. Whether used to provide better customer service, to be more eco-friendly or to gain more company memory, the virtualization technology of today offer many benefits to enterprising companies all over the world, creating innovative solutions to work based problems on a daily basis. Return on Investment School of thoughts have argued in various platform about the huge capital investment return in virtualization, there are multiple factors which determine how to go about deciding what type of monitoring an Information Technology (IT) department should embark on. In order to properly evaluate a specific IT environment, one must first determine whether or not to virtualize. Virtualization can be stressed as a life saver for countless IT departments over the past few years. What first needs to be determined however, is if in fact an organization really needs to virtualize. Perhaps database, application servers, network services, etc don’t truly need to become virtualized, maybe they do. What we are trying to determine today is the Return on Investment (ROI) for virtualization. Technologist, Researchers and Students helps quantify virtualizing an IT infrastructure. If an organization is in the process of acquiring a new company (or being liquidated) and subsequently moving locations, they must first take a look in their server room*. If it is overcrowded, under powered or outdated, then yes†¦ virtualization is probably important. What everyone in the IT department wants to know then, is virtualization right for my organization and more importantly my department? [pic] The resources being saved on just power and hardware along are staggering. Keeping costs lower for the overall organization is obviously crucial, especially when it comes to things such as never having to redeploy application solutions*. This will save you time and subsequently money: no server hardware refreshing costs, limited annual server-related power costs*. The greater questions then arise, how much time will it take a department to make the complete switch? Will the ROI be worth the increased labor hours to become fluent with the virtualized world? What types of challenges will come about from the overall business perspective? |Reducing Infrastructure Costs Through Virtualization | | |   | | |Introduction | | |Nowadays, we live in uncertain times all around the world. When it comes to architecture | | |and design, we must think a lot more in costs—unlike in other times, when we used to think| | |first of the solution and then in costs. If we had a streamlined and defined return on | | |investment (ROI), only then did the project get the green light. Today, if we think about | |projects, it is necessary to have a precise budget and defined cost first before we can | | |start to think about the project. | | |Upon brief reflection of what IT architecture is, one finds that the model that the whole | | |world favors (because of costs and the evolution of technologies) is the virtualization | | |model. Ten years ago, it was all about decentralization—both in data centers and servers, | | |and in communication and desktops. When we thought of an application, we always tried to | | |have the layers of such an application as close to the client as possible; data centers, | | |databases, and e-mail servers were distributed all over. | |This situation was the result of being unable to face the huge cost of having hardware | | |equipment of multiple large capabilities (such as an eight-processor server and lots and | | |lots of RAM gigabytes) or having redundant point-to-point communication links with good | | |bandwidth—the cost of which only large companies could consider including in their | | |architecture. All of this encouraged a decentralized IT administration model that required| | |specialists in the different platforms of each site. | | | | |   | | |The Original Model | | |Although this model worked for years, many things were not considered that today have | | |rendered this model not as efficient as was initially thought. | |[pic] | | | | | |Figure 1. Typical scheme | | |   | | |Taking as an example the analysis of a distributed application that was devised 10 years | | |ago, there was an architecture in which it was important to have the data near the client,| | |which led to the following scheme: | | |A database in the central office in which the information from the different sites, the | | |database from each site, the application server from each site, and the local applications| | |that were installed on each desktop were all consolidated. | | |A replication scheme among the databases was used for the distribution of information. | |This drove us to have database administration for each site, besides having on each site | | |an infrastructure administrator who had thorough knowledge. | | |Initially, this had (as variables within the equation) high communication-link costs, | | |large servers that represented a very high cost, and operative systems that were neither | | |very solid nor rigid with regard to changes and al so had little functionality—that is, | | |they offered very few functions or roles within the operative system. | |For many of the needs of the company, it was necessary to add software that could comply | | |with that functionality. In addition, in order to carry out the tiniest of changes, it was| | |necessary to set the server offline and have IT personnel who represented an average cost. | | |The variable that was not really considered was the updating and maintenance of the whole | | |structure, which at the time—due to the fact that technology did not evolve in the way | | |that it does today—was not such an important aspect. | |If we consider basic accounting principles (which I have learned during recent years), one| | |should always see the IT personnel as an asset to the company, with both amortization time| | |(which is the time that it takes to shape the person, according to the culture and needs | | |of the company) and an updating cost (which is wh at must be invested to have a person | | |trained in the different technologies as they evolve). | | |Over time, all of this changed; the variables in this equation also changed, and the | | |updating and maintenance variable (which in many cases had not been taken into account) | | |started to gain more and more importance. | |This is the equation that we face nowadays: | | |Average to low communication-link costs (taking into account the virtual private network),| | |large servers with many RAM gigabytes at average to low cost, operative systems that had | | |hundreds of embedded and flexible options and lots of functionality (many things already | | |come solved and embedded in the operative system, so that in general it is not necessary | | |to set the server offline to make these changes), average to high personnel costs, and | | |average to high updating and maintenance costs. | |Within the scheme that is encouraged today, many things must be considered; it is | | |necessary, therefore, to have the whole scheme in mind—not just a part of it—to avoid | | |making the same mistakes that we incurred in the past. | | |Nowadays, when uncertainty (crises, corporate mergers, acquisitions, and constant changes)| | |is all around, it is vital to work toward an environment that would basically support | | |constant dynamic changes. More than ever, it is necessary to think about platform and | | |application updating, growth, and corporate and budget contractions. This, of course, will| | |highly influence the model that is to be chosen, and that model (taking into account the | | |aforementioned equation) should be based mainly on the updating and maintenance variable. | | |When we consider all of the preceding, we will see that the model that best fits is the | | |virtualization model applied to all of the possible levels, where all of the equation | | |variables are considered in order to determine feasibility and total cost of ownership | | |(TCO). | |There will be infinite virtualization scenarios—from choosing cloud computing in specific | | |services and virtualizing (or outsourcing) the whole or part of the IT department to using| | |virtualization for servers, applications, or desktops. | | |   | | |Server Virtualization | | |Today, there are many important players and technologies that have been widely tested, | | |such as Microsoft Hyper-V and VMWare. The hardware costs have gone considerably down: If | | |we were to compare four- to eight-processor equipment of the past to one today, it would | | |result in an important cost margin that would be an improvement, and it would be necessary| | |to add the progress that has been made in technologies and redundancy within equipment, | | |board, hot-plug memories, and so on. | | |Generally speaking, almost all the components of the server can be changed without having | | |to take the server offline. The same thing applies to operative systems. This means that | | |we can do away with the theory that was used in the past, according to which we used to | | |divide into different hardware pieces the different business applications. In addition to | | |this, the advantages of tolerance to failure in the virtualization schemes that are used | | |today make it possible to take a physical server offline without affecting the virtual | | |server that is running in that physical server. This, of course, means that from a simple | | |technical point of view, there is already a huge advantage in the use of server | | |virtualization. | | |From an architectural point of view, this allows us to respond to organizational changes | | |quickly. Above all (and this is something to consider nowadays), this also enables us to | | |achieve substantial savings at the time of shaping a data center. There will also be | | |savings in the electrical bill, refrigeration costs, physical space, and hardware. | | |Moreover, deployment and disaster recovery will be much simpler. | |All of this will result in lower maintenance costs—whether we have our own IT department | | |in 100 percent administration of this platform or a virtualized environment of the IT | | |department (later, we will develop the IT department cost, as well as the options and the | | |reasons behind virtualizing it). This all leads to there not being almost any scenario in | | |which virtualization is not a pplied and which will not result in a much lower TCO. | |   | | |Desktop Virtualization | | |In this regard, it is also possible to find very well-developed and well-tested | | |technologies, such as Microsoft Terminal Server, Citrix, and so on. This kind of | | |virtualization was previously thought about for remote points or links that had a | | |relatively small bandwidth. Nowadays, it is used as a method to reduce | | |desktop-administration expenses, because (thanks to this technology) it is possible | | |technically to have tolerance to failures, add it to the server-virtualization scheme, and| | |create a pool of servers. There is substantial reduction of the desktop-maintenance cost | | |and the cost of desktops themselves, because with equipment that has smaller hardware, it | | |is possible to run any kind of application and still have centralized control and | | |deployment of applications and security policies. | |   | | |Virtualization of the IT Department | | |In the past, there was a relatively low or not-so-significant IT department cost, compared| | |to the one nowadays. Today, there is a high IT department cost, and it is necessary to | | |consider the following variables: training in new technologies, training in the company | | |environment, the cost of personnel search, and the time during which the search takes | | |place. All of this leads to the IT department not being able to respond with the speed | | |that the company needs. In ddition, we currently experience a high labor turnover, which | | |means that many times this process has to start again—which, of course, drives the cost | | |upwards. | | |If we consider all of these factors, especially the costs and the time that the search | | |involves, we will see that having a virtualized IT department results in a lower TCO and | | |in every possible advantage. With virtualization, all of these IT-department problems are | | |moved to an external company that is exclusively devoted to IT, particularly as it refers | | |to specialists in technology or in specific technologies. This would mean that there is no| | |point in having a specialist as part of the internal IT department. | | |   | | |Cloud Computing | | |Currently, there an infinite number of services are available on the Web, from e-mail | | |services (as has been the case for a very long time) to CRM, ERP, Document Managers, and | | |other services. This solution naturally offers a world of advantages: It is unnecessary to| | |have a specialist in this technology within our IT department, it is equally unnecessary | | |to maintain that technology from either the hardware or the software point of view, and | | |keeping security copies of the information is no longer required. Depending on the kind of| | |hired service and service-level agreement (SLA), it will be possible to have a redundant | | |and always-online service. In some cases, the cost for this kind of service can be | | |high—depending on both the number of users within our organization who require this | | |service and the characteristics of the service—and is worth considering. | |   | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Example of Architecture | | |(Example based on a company with 500 employees. ) | | |[pic] | | | | | |Figure 2. Current architecture | | |   | | |As an example, we will use a virtualization architecture that uses such Microsoft | | |technologies as Hyper-V and Terminal Server. Number of servers: 15. | | |Typical structure of IT department: One manager, two IT administrators, one database | | |administrator (DBA), and five Help Desk employees. | | |Based on everything that was explained previously, we will take the best of each | | |virtualization technology to carry out a cost reduction. | |Server Virtualization | | |It will be possible to reduce approximately 15 noncritical servers into 4 physical servers| | |that will be able to support these 15 virtual servers. It will be necessary to carry out a| | |load analysis and distribute the servers and business applications correctly. Nowadays, | | |given the kind of roles of a typical company server, there are not many servers that have | | |a high processing consumption; thus, it will be necessary to isolate these kinds of | | |servers, so tha t a resource competition conflict is not generated. It will also be | | |necessary to include (if we do not already have it) an external storage in which our | | |virtualization scheme will be stored (so that it is possible to work on it in a cluster) | | |and which will have tolerance to failure of all of the virtual equipment. All of this will| | |be possible by using Microsoft Windows Server 2008 64 bits and Hyper-V System Center | | |Virtual Machine Manager to carry out the P2V conversions. | |Cost Reduction | | |Within this example, it will be possible to reduce approximately 70 percent of the energy | | |consumption, as a result of less consumption on the part of the servers. In addition, | | |there will also be a reduction of approximately 70 percent in the refrigeration | | |consumption, as a result of the use of storage. | | |The licensing cost will also decrease (when we use Microsoft licensing) very | | |substantially. The Microsoft licensing scheme is based on Table 1. In the table, we can | |see that by using Windows Serv er 2008 data-center server licensing, it will be possible to| | |obtain a reduction in licensing from 15 servers (which will be able to use different | | |versions of Windows Server 2008, depending on the processor and RAM needs) to only 4 (with| | |data-center or enterprise licenses). Depending on the versions of Microsoft Windows that | | |are used, in the least favorable scenario, we will achieve a reduction in cost of 50 | | |percent. | |Version of Windows Server 2008 host | | |Covered virtual servers | | | | | |Standard | | |1 | | | | | |Enterprise | | |4 | | | | | |Data center | | |Unlimited | | | | | |Table 1. Microsoft Licensing Scheme | | |   | | | | | | | | |Desktop Virtualization | | |Depending on the memory consumption of the applications, it will be possible to implement | | |approximately five virtual servers for Terminal Server— typically, in five physical | | |servers to cover 500 work positions. The main advantage of having virtualized servers is | | |that this will automatically commute to any other, in case of a failure in any physical | | |equipment. | | |In this way, we will be able to have a desktop with fewer resources, and it will be | | |possible to update the applications more rapidly, as with deployment, management of | | |printers, and any other desktop problem. In turn, this will also enable us to make the | | |desktop of the user available to remote or external users. | |Cost Reduction | | |If we consider, on the one hand, the cost of updating 500 desktops as a result of the | | |installation of some business application and, on the other hand, the purchase of five | | |32-GB RAM servers and two Quad Core processors each, we will obtain a cost reduction of | | |approximately 90 percent. | | |Virtualization of the IT Department | | |It is first necessary to analyze the critical and noncritical applications; it is | | |important also to analyze the IT labor market in the country in which it is applied. | | |Generally speaking, the advice that is given is to virtualize whatever is difficult to get| | |in the market and to have partial virtualization of the IT department. For this | | |example—and considering the current work market—we will opt to virtualize (for example) | | |only one IT administrator and one DBA; the Help Desk, one IT Administrator, and the IT | | |manager will continue to be physical. By having an SLA with external suppliers and a | | |framework work contract, it will be possible to increase rapidly the IT department or | | |change swiftly the scheme without a great increase in initial costs. It will also be | | |possible to decrease training costs, hiring costs, and so on. | |[pic] | | | | | |Figure 3. Virtual-server scenario | | |   | | |Cost Reduction | | |If we consider the TCO, hiring costs, training costs, and salaries, we will obtain a cost | | |reduction of approximately 55 percent. | |Cloud Computing | | |Let us take an application that will not be worth having internally, because of the size | | |of the company. For this example, we will use a CRM. Ten CRM licenses will be hired | | |online. In this way , no costs will be associated to the initial licensing, administration | | |training, CRM server deployment, disaster-recovery policies, or anything that pertains to | | |administration of the CRM. | | |Cost Reduction | |Based on online services, there will be a cost reduction of approximately 80 percent—based| | |on 10 licenses, and considering the initial cost of having a server, trained personnel, | | |backup policies, and so on. | | | | | | | | |Financial Benefits of Virtualization | | |. | |â€Å"Leveraging virtual computer environments has increased the opportunities for teaching and| | |learning. This particular solution is cost effective and sustainable in many different | | |ways. Tech related costs have reduced by a little over $250,000 a year. That is a | | |combination of lower software costs, app software costs, and extending the life of the | | |hardware. That in turn reduces the cost of the hardware by about 35-40% when they do | | |replace it. Computers can be renewed with hardware that is much more cost efficient | | |because it does not need to be the latest and greatest machine. The computers that are | | |replaced cost around $500 or less. | | |IT staff numbers are down, mainly because of a reduction in PC technicians. Everything is | | |moving back towards the data center and, because of the way they implement their | | |environment, every time a user accesses an app or a desktop they are actually accessing a | | |copy of a perfect image. Every time you open up Word it is a brand new fresh copy and when| | |you are done using it that image goes away so you are not really re-using it. SCC does | | |manage their profile information so if they create custom shortcuts it will be applied | | |over that virtual application. This way they still get that customized personalized | | |environment. Pooling resources reduced hardware and software costs while extending the | | |life of current hardware resources. This lowers the school’s total cost of ownership and | | |makes a very significant difference. | | |To read the rest of this report, Desktop Virualization for the Real World, IMF members can| | |log-in | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |   | | |Conclusion | | |The virtualization scenario makes it possible to make structural changes in the IT | | |department with the speed that the market actually needs. | | |We can have strong cost reduction, because with a physical structure, we often do not use | | |all of the resources—hardware, software, employees, and so on—at 100 percent. On the other| | |hand, with virtualization we have the opposite case: We use and push the resource | | |utilization as far as possible, and then we add more resources to virtualize. | | |In our example, we can see the individual cost reduction; if we look at it globally, | | |however, the cost reduction is more significant. | | |   | | |   | | How to cite Founder/Ceo, Essay examples

Media Multitasking, and Social Well-Being free essay sample

Comparatively, face-to-face communication was strongly associated with positive social well-being indicators. Simply owning a phone or having a computer or television in their room was shown to have little impact on well-being. Researchers theorize probable causes of these relationships, possible implications of these finding, and call for study designs to address interconnection (Pea et al. , 2012). Introduction Researchers had previously addressed social development and the consequences of modern day media use on cognitive development. However, researchers at Stanford University were concerned with the lack of focus of multitasking and the general oversight to consider time spent in face-to-face communication in studies concerning social relationships and the effect of media use. This study examined those oversights in a large-scale survey on modern electronics and media use how they affect social well-being in girls 8 to 12 years old (Pea et al. , 2012). Modern day cognitive development and how the use of electronics, computers, Facebook, and other similar media effects our development is something that personally interests me. We will write a custom essay sample on Media Multitasking, and Social Well-Being or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Sherry Turkle’s work in this field is something I find extremely interesting. Participants The subjects of this study were 3,461 North American girls ages 8 to 12 years who submitted information through a Discovery Girls magazine online survey. A half-page advertisement was posted in the September 2010 issue of Discovery Girls that directed them to the online survey. They were told if they completed the survey they would be entered into a drawing to win a free iPod. However, this study was limited to young girls only with access to a computer and internet. 5% of participants responded they had access to a computer in their home, well above national average. Information on income, parent education, race, or ethnicity data was not collected (Pea et al. , 2012). Measures amp; Instruments According to Pea (2012), â€Å"[The] level of media multitasking was defined as the mean number of media a person simultaneously consumes when consuming media† (p. 330). Researched created a media multitasking index (MMI) for all participants. For each of the six categories asked regarding media use, researches asked â€Å"On an average day, how long do you X† (defined as hi). Then, researchers asked â€Å"On an average day, which X-ing, how often are you doing the following other activities at the same time? † (defined at mi,j). Then, according to Pea (2012), â€Å"it was then a straightforward matter to compute the MMI as follows: mi,j? hi Thus, the MMI is a count of the number of additional media an individual is using when using a medium† (p. 330) Procedures Six categories for media use were used along with a seventh category of face-to-face communication. Categories were as follows: watching video content (TV, YouTube, movies, etc. , including playing video games; listening to music; reading or doing homework; e-mailing or sending messages/posting on Facebook, MySpace, etc. (not including Facebook chat); texting or instant messaging (including Facebook chat); talking on the phone or video chatting; and participating in face-to-face conversations (Pea et al. , 2012). Young girls were asked â€Å"On an average day, how long do you X† with X being one of the seven categories. They were asked this question for all categories. This question was then followed by a multiple choice scale with options indicating time ranging from never to more than 4 hours. Numerical values were assigned for each choice: never (0), less than 1 hour (. 5), about 1-2 hours (1. 5), about 2-3 hours (2. 5), about 3-4 hours (3. 5), or more than 4 hours (4. 5). If the girl answered with another other than â€Å"never† she was asked â€Å"On an average day, which X-ing, how often are you doing the following other activities at the same time? † This was followed by a matrix presenting the same seven categories along with the same multiple choice scale questions. Hours of sleep was based upon a single question (Pea et al. , 2012). According to Pea (2012), social success was measured by asking questions such as, â€Å"I feel like I have a lot of friends,† â€Å"People my age understand me,† â€Å"I feel like I have a lot of close friends,† â€Å"I find it easy to make friends,† â€Å"I find it easy to keep friends,† â€Å"I feel like I’m important to my friends,† and â€Å"I feel accepted by people my age† (p. 330). Young girls were then asked questions such as â€Å"Compared to people my age, I feel normal,† â€Å"I often feel like I’m not normal compared to people my age,† and â€Å"I often feel rejected by other people my age,† to establish feelings of normalcy (Pea et al. , 2012). Young girls were also asked how many friends they had that they though their parents would find as a bad influence followed by 4 numerical answers increasing by 1 starting from 0 up to â€Å"3 or more friends† (Pea et al. , 2012). Results Results showed girls ages 6 to 12 years old total media use averaged at 6. 90 hours, with the 25th percentile being 4. 3 hours and the 75th percentile being 8. 2 hours. These levels were lower than a previous study, however, that study also included male users and older children who are typically heavier media users than young girls. The average amount of face-to-face communication was 2. 10 hours. The 25th percentile was 0. 42 hours and the 75th percentile was 2. 8 hours. The average MMI, or the time spent using other media simultaneously was 1. 4 hours. Although participants shared some variance for individual items as the source of positive feelings, only 10. 1% of them ranked online friends more positively than in-person friends. Even those who were heavy online users did not rate their online friends more positively than in-person friends. In fact, just about half of the participants associated negative feelings with on-line friends while the other half attributed negative feelings to in-person friends (Pea et al. 2012). In a more in-depth regression analysis, participants who listened to music, talked on the phone or online in some form or another were often multitasking, suggesting these activities were not the focus of attention. However, face-to-face communication was negatively associated with media multi-tasking, as was reading. This could simply because face-to-face communication is a denominator and it was an outcome of the computation or it could suggest that face-to-face communication is valued more and the participants didn’t engage in other activities while talking. Having a television in the participants’ bedroom was positively associated with face-to-face multitasking (Pea et al. , 2012). Social success was positively associated with face-to-face communication. Conversely, video use was strongly associated with negative feelings of social success. Reading was reasonably associated with negative feelings of social success. Older girls rather than younger girls felt less social success in their lives. Feelings of normalcy were consistent with social success as video use and reading were negatively associated with normalcy feelings. Face-to-face communication was again positively associated with normalcy feelings. Media multitasking and age were also associated with negative feelings of normalcy (Pea et al. , 2012). Video use, talking on the phone, and online interactions were intensely associated with having friends in which their parents would disapprove of. Face-to-face communication was negatively related to this; however media multitasking was positively associated to having friends parents would disapprove of (Pea et al. , 2012). Video use and online communication was negatively associated with the number of hours of sleep the participants slept. Face-to-face communication was positively associated, and age was negatively associated. Having a television in the participants room, owning a cell phone, and media multitasking were also negatively associated to the amount of sleep they received (Pea et al. , 2012). Summary Specific types of media use such as video, online communication, and media multitasking were regularly associated with negative socioemotional results. These negative results for video are consistent with other studies, but the online communication and media multitasking results are completely new. On the other hand, face-to-face communication was regularly associated with positive socioemotional results. While former research found pre-adolescents and adolescents felt closer to their friends if they communicated online more, the results found in this study may suggest that face-to-face communication and online communication are not interchangeable (Pea et al. , 2012). Media multitasking was associated with negative socioemotional results. Participants felt less social success, feelings of normalcy, having parents who perceived their friends as bad influences, and slept less. The results concerning media multitasking may suggest problems with cognitively control of attention and should be observed with care (Pea et al. , 2012). Face-to-face communication was consistently associated with greater social success, greater feelings of normalcy, more sleep, and fewer friends the parents of the participant thought were poor influences. These results are highly suggestive.

Essay Sample on Lewis and Clark and Their Visit of Indian Tribes

Essay Sample on Lewis and Clark and Their Visit of Indian Tribes During their expedition, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark Met and Encountered many different Indian tribes. Since Lewis and Clark met so many tribes they decided that they would greet every Indian tribe the same way. Some of the tribes greeted them with gifts, while others greeted them with immediate violence. Lewis and Clark met with the Arikara Indians on October 8,1804. When they met the Arikara Indians, only a small population of their tribe had existed. They found three Arikara villages, where most of the people lived in earth lodges. There were about 2,000 people in all of these villages combined. Arikara men wore buffalo robes, leggings and moccasins, and many warriors wielded guns that they had acquired in trade. Women were clad in fringed antelope dresses. Most of the Arikara were farmers. When crops did not grow well they resorted to shooting buffalo. Arikara men wore buffalo robes, leggings and moccasins, and many warriors wielded guns that they had acquired in trade. Women were clad in fringed antelope dresses. The Arikaras agreed to send a group east to meet with President Jefferson. However York, Clarks slave, impressed the Indians most because they never saw a black man before and because of that they thought he had special spiritual powers. Eight Blackfeet warriors encountered Meriwether Lewis and a party of the Corps of Discovery in July 1806. The Blackfeet saw the Americans as a threat to their tribe. One night the Blackfeet tried to steal the Americans guns, but failed and two of the tribes warriors were killed by Lewis and Reuben Field. From then on, the whole tribe treated the Corps of Discovery with opposition. On October 26, 1805, two Chinook chiefs and several men came to the expeditions camp to offer gifts of deer meat and root bread cakes. The captains responded by presenting the chiefs with medals and the men with trinkets. They lived next to the Columbia River in the northwestern part of Oregon. They mostly ate fish, rabbit, elk, bird eggs, and clams. For shelter they used houses made of cedar bark, teepees, and brush tents. Many of the families lived together in one house. To get around they used canoes that were hollowed out cedar trees. They also rode on horses or walked on foot. Many of the times during their encounter the Corps were stolen form and they were given unreasonable prices for food. The Hidatsa Indians lived on the upper Missouri river in North Dakota. They lived in circular earth lodges that enclosed a type of meeting place. A log wall thats purpose was to keep out invaders surrounded the village. The tribe had three villages along the Missouri river: Mahawha, Metaharta, and the largest, Menetarra. The Hidatsa became involved in trade with many of their visitors. They grew corn, tobacco, squash, and beans, which they used to trade with others. The Hidatsas did provide the Corps with a number of benefits, including key information about the route ahead. The also told them about a French trader and his wife Sacagawea. The Mandan Indians lived along the Upper Missouri River in North Dakota. They lived in two villages: Matootonha and Rooptahee. They Corps arrived at the villages in October and stayed there until the winter of 1804 where they stayed at Fort Mandan. The tribe believed that their ancestors climbed form beneath the earth by means of a grapevine. A post stood at the center of the village that symbolized its hero. At the north end of each plaza was its medicine lodge. The more powerful a family was the closer its lodge was to the center. They grew beans, squash, corn, and tobacco. Everything from meat products to horses to musical instruments was exchanged for Mandan corn. When food was running low the Corps went with the Mandans to go on a buffalo hunt. They were awed by the color of Yorks skin and they too thought he had spiritual powers because of it. The Mandans supplied the Corps with food and supplies during their stay and when spring came they bid farewell and the Corps continued on their expedition. During the first meeting of the Corps with the Teton Sioux, the Corps went through their normal ritual of meeting Indians and the tribe were not impressed by it, but instead saw the Corps as competitors for trade in the region. No one in the Corps could speak Sioux so it was very difficult for the two groups to communicate. Teton men wore hawk feathers about their heads and robes over their bodies, while women dressed in buffalo skins and robes. During the expeditionÐ ¢s stay, the Tetons held a number of celebrations scalp dances of a recent war victory over the rival Omahas. The difficulty in communication between the groups caused many misunderstandings and those little problems almost led to the point of war. But before there was a big chance of war the Corps decided to leave sooner than anything threatening to their safety could take place. The Corps met the Walla Wallas during early October in the year 1805. Since the Corps were rushing to get to the Pacific, they rejected their welcome. However the leader, Yelleppit, made them promise to return to the village on their way back. So when the Corps returned in April, they agreed to stay for a while. There were about 15 lodges in the village and because of the request by their leader, the Walla Wallas welcomed the Corps kindly. Relations between the two groups were simplified by the presence of a Shoshone woman who the Walla Wallas had captured. She translated Walla Walla to Shoshone for Sacagawea, opening the translation chain for the Corps interpreters. Yellepitt gave Clark a white horse and fish and firewood for the rest of the troops. In return Clark gave Yellepitt his sword, 100 rounds of ammunition, and other different trade objects. The Corps told the tribe their plans of leaving but Yellepitt asked them to stay one more night and they agreed to. Because of them wi lling to stay the tribe gave them horses, food, canoes, and valuable information about the next place they wanted to go. That night neighboring tribes joined the Corps and the Walla Wallas to have a big celebration where they dance to the beats played on the drums and ratlles. Throughout the duration of the journey the Corps met many different tribes that each helped them in different ways. Some supplied them with food others with supplies and others with valuable information. They were able to see that all Indians were different and none were the same. They were also able to realize that Indians werent savages; just people who were trying to get by in life. You can also order a custom essay, term paper, research paper, thesis or dissertation on Lewis and Clark topics at our professional custom essay writing service which provides students with high-quality custom written papers. 100% No plagiarism and on-time delivery guarantee!

Cloze Tests to Determine Reading Comprehension

Cloze Tests to Determine Reading Comprehension When teachers wish to measure how well a student comprehends a reading passage, they often turn to Cloze tests. In a Cloze test, the teacher removes a certain number of words that the student then needs to fill in as they read through the passage. For example, a language arts teacher might have their students fill in the blanks for the following reading passage: _____ mother is upset with _____ because I got caught  _____ a rainstorm. Sadly, I ______ my umbrella at home. _____ clothes got soaked. I ______ I wont get sick. Students are then instructed to fill in the blanks for the passage. Teachers are able to use the student’s answers to determine the reading level of the passage. Why Readability Formulas Are Not Enough While readability formulas can tell teachers how complex a reading passage is based on vocabulary and grammar, it does not reveal how difficult a passage might be in terms of reading comprehension. For example: He waved his hands.He waived his rights. If you were to run these sentences through readability formulas, they would have similar scores. However, it is obvious that while students might easily understand the first sentence, they might not comprehend the legal implications of the second. Therefore, we need a method to help teachers measure how difficult a particular passage is for students to comprehend. History of the Cloze Test In 1953, Wilson L. Taylor researched closure tasks as a method to determine reading comprehension. What he found was that having students use context clues from the surrounding words to fill in the blanks as in the example above has a high correlation with how readable the passage is for the student. He called this procedure a Cloze Test. Over time, researchers  have tested the Cloze method and found that it does indeed indicate reading comprehension levels.   How to Create a Typical Cloze Test There are a number of methods that teachers use to create Cloze tests. Following is one of the most common methods used: Replace every fifth word with a blank. This is where the students are to fill in the missing word.Have students write only one word in each blank. They are to work through the test making sure to write a word for each missing word in the passage.Encourage students to guess as they go through the test.Tell students that they do not need to worry about spelling errors as these will not be counted against them. Once you have administered a Cloze test, you will need to ‘grade’ it. As you explained to your students, misspellings are to be ignored. You are only looking for how well students understood what words to use based on contextual clues. However, in most instances, you will only count an answer as correct if the student answers with the exact missing word. In the example above, the correct answers should be:   My mother is upset with me because I got caught  in a rainstorm. Sadly, I left my umbrella at home. My clothes got soaked. I hope I wont get sick. Teachers can count up the number of errors and assign a percentage score based on the number of words that the student guessed correctly. According to Nielsen, a score of 60% or more indicates reasonable comprehension on the part of the student. Using Cloze Tests There are a number of ways that teachers can use Cloze Tests. One of the most effective uses of these tests is to help them make decisions about reading passages that they will be assigning to their students. The Cloze procedure can help them determine what passages to assign students, how long to give them to read specific passages, and how much they can expect students to comprehend on their own without additional input from the teacher. Note, however, that Cloze tests are diagnostic. Since they are not standard assignments testing a student’s understanding of  the  material that has been taught, the student’s percentage score should not be used when figuring out their final grade for the course. Source Jakob Nielsen, Cloze Test for Reading Comprehension. Nielsen  Norman  Group, February 2011

Managers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Managers - Essay Example The role of each of the four management functions in the daily managerial work is discussed below. Planning is necessarily management’s foundational function which â€Å"provides the design of a desired future state and the means of bringing about that future state to accomplish the organization's objectives† (Wijesinghe, 2011). Plans have to be made on a daily basis as new challenges emerge. Once the decision has been made, the manger assesses the required resources, and recruits the missing ones accordingly. Recruitment allows a manager to evaluate the skills of candidates through formal hiring procedures like interview or test in order to bring new employees on board so that the workforce is equipped with the competences that are demanded by the task at hand. It is recommendable to have a pre-planning session as it can prove a wonderful time saver (Rowland, 2001, p. 4). Senior management can complete a SWOT analysis before the commencement of planning process. The fu nction of organizing requires a manager to allocate appropriate resources to the tasks for their accomplishment. This is commonly achieved with the help of organizational charts that clearly depict the levels of authority and the accorded areas of responsibility. Day-to-day operations are governed by rightly marked lines of communication between the various organizational personnel.

The greenhouse effect and ozone depletion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The greenhouse effect and ozone depletion - Essay Example However, due to the fact that the earth is cooler than the sun, the wavelength of the energy radiated back lies within the infrared region of the spectrum. Most of this thermal radiation is absorbed by the clouds and other parts in the atmosphere and is radiated again to the earth. This entire effect is termed as the greenhouse effect. Due to this effect, the temperature of the earth is maintained at levels which allow life to be possible, albeit this effect is useful, the use of human activities, majorly, the deforestation and the burning of the fossil fuels have led to an intensified green house effect. This has ultimately led to global warming (IPPC, 2007). The natural greenhouse effect involves certain greenhouse gases. These include, oxygen nitrogen, carbon dioxide etc. As a result of the natural greenhouse effect, the gases present in trace amounts within the atmosphere play a vital role in raising the temperature. This phenomenon is of immense concern since it leads to changes at sea level, changes in the weather (Myhre & Shindell, 2013). The greenhouse effect is not only caused by natural factors but also by anthropogenic sources. This human induced green house effect is mainly due to the energy sector which plays the role of the second largest contributor of emissions of non-CO2 greenhouse gases. This accounted for 26 percent of emissions in 2005 (Myhre & Shindell, 2013). Further, the coal mining activities, waste from home and businesses and agriculture accounts for the release of the greenhouse gas methane. This gas causes global warming through excessive greenhouse effect resulting in a climate change. These climate impacts are in relation with the rate of temperature rise while other impacts are related to the extent of temperature rise (EPA, 2015). It is believed that the levels of CO2 have increased by 38% while those of methane have increased by 148% since 2009. These gases aid in increased infrared energy emitted by the

What Is Rdbms Ordbms And Oodbms Information Technology Essay

What Is Rdbms Ordbms And Oodbms Information Technology Essay A set of computer programs which controls the formation, preservation, and the use of database with computer as a platform is called a database management system (DBMS). The control of organization-wide database development in the hands of database administrators (DBAs) is permitted by the database management system. It helps the use of integrated collection of data and files and also easily permits the access of the same database to different user application programs. The database models like network model or relational model can be used by the DBMS. Another feature of the DBMS is allows users and other software to store and get back data in a structured way in large systems. The users can write simple question in query language to retrieve information instead of writing computer programs. Fourth-generation programming language (4GLs) and other application development features provided by DBMS are very helpful to specify the logical organization for database and access and use the information within a database. Relational Data Base Management System (RDBMS) The abbreviation form of Relational Data Base Management System is RDBMS. The structure of RDBMS is database tables, fields and records. Each RDBMS table consists of database table rows and each database table row consists of one or more database table fields. RDBMS is used by main frame, midrange and microcomputers. MS SQL Server, DB2, Oracle and MySQL are the most popular RDBMS. The data are stored in the form of tables which might be related by common fields. The data stored in the database table are manipulated by the rational operators given by RDBMS. SQL is the database query language in most RDBMS. Why RDBMS? We will use the terms tables and relations interchangeably. In a RDBMS, the data is logically perceived as tables. _ Tables are in logical data structures that we assume hold the data that the database intends to represents _ And tables are not physical structures. _ Each table have a unique table name There are advantages and as well as disadvantages in the RDBMS. The advantages of RDBMS are Fast and easy to pop out data as relation among entities is well defined More secure and normalization Problems are avoided when two things are processed at the same time data can be managed in proper manner Accuracy The disadvantages on the other hand are A professional is needed to deal with Proper training is required Need software and hard ware The model is not easy to the end user to run quires Object Relational Database Management System (ORDBMS) The object relational database management system is known as a database management system which is alike to a relational database, but with an object oriented database model. This system supports classes, objects and inheritance directly in database schemas and in the query language. Besides, extension of the data model with custom data type and methods are supported by ORDBMS. The well-organized management from a limited set of data types is focused in traditional RDBMS but object relational DBMS on the other hand permits web sites development experts to join their own data types and methods. Advantages of ORDBMS: Large storage capacity is ensured in Object Relational Database Management Systems which benefits for the web based development. Reasonably quick access speed Massive scalability of ORDBMS is beneficial. Outstanding manipulation power of object databases is boasted in ORDBMS APIs and server subsystems are added to support object functionality. The database engine is completely redesigned A new object-oriented layer is added to support rich data types Disadvantages of ORDBMS ORDMBS fails in High speed internet applications. The IDC opines that the ORDBMS market has the possibility to exceed the size of ODBMS in the next two years time in web based development Object Oriented Database Management system (OODBMS) Object Oriented Database Management system is the most excellent alternative to resolve impedance mismatch causing in the use of Relational Database Management System as objects have to be mapped to table. Database management is combined with object oriented programming concepts by the object oriented database management system. The principles of database management such as isolation, durability, consistency and atomicity and the object oriented programming concepts consist of of inheritance, encapsulation and polymorphism. The mixture of these ideas permits easiness in the management of large number of data, results in system reliability and guarantees support for query languages. Therefore, from the description given above it can be concluded that an OODBMS is not only a database management system but also a complete object oriented development setting. Software development companies use OODBMS as an alternative because it follows intelligibility while objects are accessed in the database. The Main objective of the OODBMS is to give consistent, data independent, secure, controlled and extensible data management services to support the object-oriented model. They were created to handle big and complex data that relational databases could not. The most main characteristic is the joining of object-oriented programming with database technology, which provides an integrated application development system. Object-oriented programming results in 4 main characteristics: inheritances, data encapsulation, object identity, and polymorphism. Object Identity, Object Structure, and Type Constructors Object Identity An OO database system provides a unique identity to each independent object stored in the database. This unique identity is typically implemented via a unique, system-generated object identifier (OID). The OID cab is assigned to program variables of the appropriate type when needed. The main property required of an OID is that it be immutable; that is, the OID value of a particular object should not change. This preserves the identity of the real-world object being represented. Merits of OODBMS over RDBMS The impedance mismatch is completely cancelled out in OODBMS and on the other hand in a relational database system a problem is always faced by a custom software development company. There was lot of wastage of time in RDBMS while objects had to be mapped with tables and the table mapped with objects. In the RDBMS, problems have to be faced by the users when identifying the records and they have to make sure that no two records have the same primary key. In the OODBMS this problem is completely avoided by its unique OIDs. OODBMS can deal with complex data than RDBMS as in ODBMS, a large class able to hold lot of intermediate sized classes, which can keep even more medium sized classes. The database management system maintains the connection between objects and the constraints on objects in an object oriented database, which means, the objects themselves. They permit support of complex application which is not supported by the other models. The programmability and performance, improve navigational access, and simplify concurrency control are improved by the object oriented database. The risks linked with the referential integrity are reduced in OODBMS and it gives an enhanced user metaphor than the relational model. Object oriented database can store both complex component and large structure. The large objects in object oriented database do not need to be broken apart and reassemble by application. Therefore object oriented data base do not suffer performance degradation. RDBMS does not allow the nested structure. These category of applications widely found in CAD/CAE, aerospace, etc. But these applications are easily supported in OODBMS. Besides, it is better to deal with the complex structure in the form of objects rather than table, tuples and records in RDBMS. Limited numbers of data types such as integer and string and limited number of built in operations are available in the relational database management system. This database management system is suitable for simple and few number of data types. The OODBMS on the other hand are appropriate for application where the relationships among elements in the database carry the key information. Conclusion According to the report we can takes some con-clusions regarding RDBMS and OODBMS: †¢ Relational databases have as their objective to ensure data independence ie> Normalized data is separated from processing and the processing corresponding to satisfy-ing informational requirements need not be totally pre-defined, thus accepting ad-hoc re-quirements too. †¢ Object oriented databases have as their main objective encapsulation, being stored together with the data and the methods. They are inseparable. It is said that we have to do with an independence of classes and not with an independence of data. †¢ An OODBMS and not an RDBMS is needed while in the reference applications we have to do with complex data. †¢ The object oriented database mar-kets will continue to develop, but they will still (represent) only a fraction of the traditional databases. †¢ It is appreciated that RDMSs hold the largest part of the largest part of the data-bases. But the prospect is that they will still co-exist for a long time future with the OODBS. ORDBMS complicates database design due to its new richness. There are more alternative designs that can be used to represent a particular situation, and it is not always obvious which to pick. Unthinkingly applying some of these features, such as the COLLECTION columns, create problems.

Sadies perspective paper

I never thought of before. Brainstorm Of Mice and Men John Steinbeck Crooks African American and physically disabled Elementally challenged Curly wife how women were treated Thesis Statement The author, John Steinbeck in his book Of Mice and Men helped my understanding and interpretation of how women were treated in the time that this b ask was written through the character Curler's wife.They were lonely, misunderstood and mi striated. Title Brainstorm Woman's problem Woman's woes Outline for UP Essay Introduction Hook (Quote, universal Statement, Question, etc. ) to get your reader interested in the general topic Have you ever been judged by the way you look or what you do? And as a result you w ere mistreated.Transition/ Smoothing Sentence(s) to show the connection between your hook and your primary focus of your essay Thesis Statement to narrow your focus to the point you are arguing (sometimes with t ere mall points provided to clarify your focus) The author, John Steinbeck in hi s book Of Mice and Men helped my understanding and interpretation of how woman were treated in the time that this book was written through the character, Curlers wife.They were lonely, misunderstood and mistreated. 1st Main Idea: lonely Topic Sentence Woman In the asses were lonely like Curler's wife. Supporting Details/ Evidence (including examples and, if a literary analysis essay, quotes)

Take a Stand - 1085 Words

Name: Course: Date: Instructor: Topic 7 Assignment: Journal Compilation from Weeks 1-6 Reflections on Planning for a Successful Graduation Life Road Map Directions: You will be starting this assignment in week 1 (Topic 1) and will continue to build and complete this assignment each week until you submit the final product in week 7 (Topic 7). There are 2 parts to this assignment; Part One will be responding to a variety of different writing prompts relating to the topics and objectives of the course. This part of the assignment should be completed one week at a time. There are 3-4 prompts associated with each of the first 5 weeks of class. You will not turn this assignment in until week 7, but there are specific DQ’s†¦show more content†¦How will prioritizing your academic responsibilities contribute to your college success as well as prepare you for your career path? Part Two: To be completed in Weeks 6 through 7 Directions: Please respond to the following 4 prompts in paragraph form; 250 words per prompt. Use specific examples to support and enhance each response. (The spacing can be manipulated as you require more room for your responses if needed.) 1. Writing Prompt #1: Personal Background Respond to the following questions within your response: Where are you from? How have your background and your family values shaped who you are today? What are some of your greatest strengths and weaknesses? Describe your schooling experience prior to GCU? What did you like most? What did you dislike? Who was your favorite teacher and why? 2. Writing Prompt #2: Goals and Planning Respond to the following questions within your response: How, when, and why did you decide to enroll at GCU? What are some expectation(s) you wish to gain from attending GCU? What are your academic goals, personal goals, and professional goals? 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Confidence Interval for the Difference of Two Population Proportions

Confidence intervals are one part of inferential statistics.  The basic idea behind this topic is to estimate the value of an unknown population  parameter by using a statistical sample.  We can not only estimate the value of a parameter, but we can also adapt our methods to estimate the difference between two related parameters.  For example we may want to find the difference in the percentage of the male U.S. voting population who supports a particular piece of legislation compared to the female voting population. We will see how to do this type of calculation by constructing a confidence interval for the difference of two population proportions.  In the process we will examine some of the theory behind this calculation.  We will see some similarities in how we construct a confidence interval for a single population proportion as well as a confidence interval for the difference of two population means. Generalities Before looking at the specific formula that we will use, lets consider the overall framework that this type of confidence interval fits into.  The form of the type of confidence interval that we will look at is given by the following formula: Estimate /- Margin of Error Many confidence intervals are of this type. There are two numbers that we need to calculate.  The first of these values is the estimate for the parameter.  The second value is the margin of error.  This margin of error accounts for the fact that we do have an estimate.  The confidence interval provides us with a range of possible values for our unknown parameter. Conditions We should make sure that all of the conditions are satisfied before doing any calculation. To find a confidence interval for the difference of two population proportions, we need to make sure that the following hold: We have two simple random samples from large populations.  Here large means that the population is at least 20 times larger than the size of the sample. The sample sizes will be denoted by n1 and n2.Our individuals have been chosen independently of one another.There are at least ten successes and ten failures in each of our samples. If the last item in the list is not satisfied, then there may be a way around this.  We can modify the plus-four confidence interval construction and obtain robust results.  As we go forward we assume that all of the above conditions have been met. Samples and Population Proportions Now we are ready to construct our confidence interval.  We start with the estimate for the difference between our population proportions. Both of these population proportions are estimated by a sample proportion.  These sample proportions are statistics that are found by dividing the number of successes in each sample, and then dividing by the respective sample size. The first population proportion is denoted by p1.  If the number of successes in our sample from this population is k1, then we have a sample proportion of k1 / n1. We denote this statistic by  pÌ‚1.  We read this symbol as p1-hat because it looks like the symbol p1 with a hat on top. In a similar way we can calculate a sample proportion from our second population.  The parameter from this population is p2.  If the number of successes in our sample from this population is k2, and our sample proportion is  pÌ‚2 k2 / n2. These two statistics become the first part of our confidence interval. The estimate of p1 is pÌ‚1.  The estimate of p2 is pÌ‚2.  So the estimate for the difference p1 - p2 is pÌ‚1 - pÌ‚2. Sampling Distribution of the Difference of Sample Proportions Next we need to obtain the formula for the margin of error.  To do this we will first consider the   sampling distribution of  pÌ‚1  . This is a binomial distribution with probability of success p1 and  n1 trials. The mean of this distribution is the proportion p1.  The standard deviation of this type of random variable has variance of p1  (1 - p1  )/n1. The sampling distribution of pÌ‚2 is similar to that of pÌ‚1  .  Simply change all of the indices from 1 to 2 and we have a binomial distribution with mean of p2 and variance of p2 (1 - p2 )/n2. We now need a few results from mathematical statistics in order to determine the sampling distribution of pÌ‚1 - pÌ‚2.  The mean of this distribution is p1 - p2.  Due to the fact that the variances add together, we see that the variance of the sampling distribution is p1  (1 - p1  )/n1 p2 (1 - p2 )/n2.  The standard deviation of the distribution is the square root of this formula. There are a couple of adjustments that we need to make.  The first is that the formula for the standard deviation of pÌ‚1 - pÌ‚2 uses the unknown parameters of p1 and p2.  Of course if we really knew these values, then it would not be an interesting statistical problem at all.  We would not need to estimate the difference between p1 and  p2..  Instead we could simply calculate the exact difference. This problem can be fixed by calculating a standard error rather than a standard deviation.  All that we need to do is to replace the population proportions by sample proportions.  Standard errors are calculated from upon statistics instead of parameters. A standard error is useful because it effectively estimates a  standard deviation.  What this means for us is that we no longer need to know the value of the parameters p1 and p2.  .Since these sample proportions are known, the standard error is given by the square root of the following expression: pÌ‚1 (1 -  pÌ‚1 )/n1   pÌ‚2 (1 -  pÌ‚2 )/n2. The second item that we need to address is the particular form of our sampling distribution.  It turns out that we can use a normal distribution to approximate the sampling distribution of  pÌ‚1  - pÌ‚2.  The reason for this is somewhat technical, but is outlined in the next paragraph.   Both  pÌ‚1 and  pÌ‚2   have a sampling distribution that is binomial.  Each of these binomial distributions may be approximated quite well by a normal distribution.  Thus pÌ‚1  - pÌ‚2 is a random variable.  It is formed as a linear combination of two random variables.  Each of these are approximated by a normal distribution.  Therefore the sampling distribution of pÌ‚1  - pÌ‚2 is also normally distributed. Confidence Interval Formula We now have everything we need to assemble our confidence interval.  The estimate is (pÌ‚1 - pÌ‚2) and the margin of error is z* [ pÌ‚1 (1 -  pÌ‚1 )/n1   pÌ‚2 (1 -  pÌ‚2 )/n2.]0.5.  The value that we enter for z* is dictated by the level of confidence C.  Ã‚  Commonly used values for z* are 1.645 for 90% confidence and 1.96 for 95% confidence.  These values for  z* denote the portion of the standard normal distribution where exactly  C percent of the distribution is between -z* and z*.   The following formula gives us a confidence interval for the difference of two population proportions: (pÌ‚1 - pÌ‚2) /- z* [ pÌ‚1 (1 -  pÌ‚1 )/n1   pÌ‚2 (1 -  pÌ‚2 )/n2.]0.5